Prison Term Policy Recommendation Essay

As the criminologist advisor to a member of the Pennsylvania state legislature, I have been selected to conduct research for a bill that would double the maximum prison term for anyone convicted of armed robbery. The bill is popular however it is unknown if it will do much good. It is my job to make recommendations in regards to whether the bill being voted on will be beneficial to everyone in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The prison term policies are sentencing guidelines that are created by Congress and the State Legislature to provide judges with bases for sentencing those individuals found guilty of committing a crime to ensure that each person is treated equal without discrimination (sentencing guidelines, 2010). There are four offenses that make up what is known as violent crime which are murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. According to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program a violent crime is any crime that involves force or threat of force to others (Department of Justice, 2006). Currently the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s prison terms for armed robbery are as follows: for the first offense of a violent crime a minimum of five years, for a second offense of a violent crime a minimum of 10 years, and for the third offense of a violent crime a minimum of 25 years total confinement or life imprisonment which is accordance with 42 Pa. C.S.  §9714 (Pennsylvania Commi ssion on Sentencing, 2008). Pennsylvania’s Uniform Crime Reporting tracks all forms of Robbery together. According to the Pennsylvania Uniform Crime Reporting System, in 2008 there were 18,751 reported robbery offenses which is equivalent to 51 per day or one every 28 minutes and 2 seconds (PA UCRS, 2008). These figures showed a decrease of 2.5% from 2007 which had 19,239 reported robberies (PA UCRS, 2008). Robbery made up 5.4% of the crime index and 37.2%  of the violent crime index in Pennsylvania in the year 2008 (PA UCRS, 2008). The reported robbery rates in Pennsylvania in 2008 were 150.6 per 100,000 inhabitants (PA UCRS, 2008). Recidivism is defined as a habitual relapse into crime, which is a problem that is faced within the criminal justice system. Pennsylvania tracks information on inmates released in order to find the recidivism rates. In 2002 Pennsylvania Department of Corrections released 1,711 inmates charged with robbery and within three years 46.6% returned to prison, which was a decline from 2000 when 1,776 inmates charged for robbery were released and 52.8% of the inmates returned within three years (PADOC, 2006). A study was conducted in Italy in 2006 when the Collective Clemency Bill set all inmates with less than three years remaining on their sentence free however if the inmates were convicted of another crime within the next five years, the remainder of their sentence would be added onto the new sentence. This allowed studies to be conducted to see if longer prison terms would deter criminals. Studies showed that increasing the sentence by 50% should reduce recidivism rates by about 35% in seven months (Crime/Punishment, 2010). With inmates comes a bill to cover the housing, feeding, and medical costs of each inmate. The cost to house a prisoner in the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (PADOC) is $ 69 per day (Barnes, 2010). In July 2010 the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections housed 51,281 inmates, at $69 per day that amounts to $3,538,389 per day or $1,291,151,985 per year (PADOC, 2010). There are multiple benefits of the bill being passed to double the maximum prison term for those convicted of armed robbery. The study that was conducted in Italy shows that longer prison sentences lowers the recidivism rates among offenders, which over time would reduce the population of the already over populated prisons. The criminals would be off the streets for a longer period of time preventing them from committing future crimes. Longer prison sentences could be a deterrent for some criminals. Robbery is one of the top two violent crimes committed in Pennsylvania and the longer sentence imposed on those criminals may lower the rate of armed robbery however it could cause an increase in other crimes. If the bill were passed and new prisons built to accommodate all inmates there would be more jobs available such as corrections officers, nurses, doctors, dentists, psychologists, and office personnel. These job openings would not only assist with job market, but also with having mo re  tax payers to assist with the money needed for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania budget. There are also multiple disadvantages to the bill being passed to double the maximum prison term for those convicted of armed robbery. Pennsylvania prisons are overpopulated as it is and by imposing longer sentences the problem is going to continue to get worse. As discussed earlier the prison population in June 2010 was 51,281 however the occupational bed capacity of the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections is only 43,872 (PADOC, 2010). The prisons are already operating at 116.9% of capacity and by passing this bill those rates are going to increase at a more rapid pace than they already are (PADOC, 2010). As discussed earlier the cost to house an inmate in Pennsylvania Department of Corrections is $69 per day which if this bill is passed a much larger budget is going to be required because inmates are going to be housed for a longer period of time. The need may arise for more prisons due to the longer prison terms which would require a much larger budget. With more prisons comes the need for more employees to operate those prisons which also is going to have an effect on the prison budget. Where is the money going to come from to meet the increase in the budget? The tax payers are the ones that are going to have to suffer to make the funding available for the prison system budget. Other crime rates may rise as a domino effect because criminals may turn to other crimes that are known to carry a lighter sentence if they are caught. If the bill is passed it is not required that judges sentence those convicted of the crime to the maximum sentence. Judges are required to look at mitigating and aggravating circumstances when sentencing individuals found guilty of committing crimes. Judges look at prior criminal history, personal life situation, was anyone hurt during the crime, or sometimes the remorse the person shows toward the crime they committed. This bill could be beneficial in the cases of habitual offenders because there would be stricter sentencing for the first offense rather than having to wait until the second or even third offense. As we all know with anything there is pros and cons. There appears to be more cons in this situation than there are pros which should make the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania legislature take a second look into whether or not passing this bill is going to be the most beneficial thing for the Commonwealth as a whole. I would find that it would not be beneficial to double the maximum sentence for those individuals  charged with committing armed robbery. The evidence shows that it would cost the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania more money to double the sentence for armed robbery. The evidence also proves that close to 50% of people convicted of armed robbery are going to reoffend which is going to bring them back to the criminal justice system and with one offense already committed they will receive a longer sentence the second time around. This also allows for those who are actually capable of being rehabilitated to have the chance to prove themselves without having to spend 10 years in pri son. References Barnes, T. (2010). Post-Gazette. Pa. sentencing guidelines eyed. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10002/1025303-454.stm Crime/Punishment (2010). Do stiffer sentences act as a crime deterrent? Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://crime.about.com/od/prevent/a/deterrence.htm Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006). Crime in the United States 2004. Violent Crime. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/offenses_reported/violent_crime/index.html Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing (2008). Retrieved August 31, 2010 from http://pcs.la.psu.edu/guidelines/sentencing/sentencing-statutes-and-programs/related-statutes/mandatory-minimum-sentences/SentMandMin122008.pdf Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (2010). Monthly population report June 2010. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://www.cor.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/research___statistics/10669/monthly_population_reports/568195 Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (2006). Recidivism in Pennsylvania State Correctional Institutions 1999-2004. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://www.cor.st ate.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/research___statistics/10669/annual_reports/567085 Pennsylvania Uniform Crime Reporting System (2008). Annual Report Robbery. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://ucr.psp.state.pa.us/UCR/Reporting/Annual/AnnualFrames.asp?year=2008 Sentencing guidelines (2010). Retrieved August 30, 2010 from http://www.willdefend.com/CM/Custom/TOCSentencingGuidelines.asp

American Revolution and William Byrd Essay

1. How did William Byrd’s life in Virginia reflect British influences? How did it reflect American characteristics? (Mention pertinent customs, interests, institutions, and objects.) 2. In view of William Byrd’s great wealth and influence in Virginia, why didn’t he simply stay in America? 3. In what respects was colonial Virginia an aristocratic society? In what respects was it democratic? 4. The author suggests that in England, William Byrd was something of a gadabout, whereas in America his life was more stable and constructive. In what ways do Byrd’s vocational, intellectual, and sexual activities support this argument? 5. This chapter describes several levels of authority in colonial Virginia. Describe the distribution of power in each of these relationships: husbands and wives, masters and slaves, local gentry and average colonists, Virginia and England. 6. William Byrd’s career reveals both the satisfaction and the frustration of being a British American. In what ways were the two identities compatible? In what ways did they come into conflict? â€Å"Reform in Early America: John Woolman on Goodness and Greed† 1.What were the principal beliefs of the early Quakers, and why were they persecuted? 2.What were the customs and practices in the colonies that John Woolman particularly condemned? What did these behaviors have in common? 3.What did John Woolman mean by the words â€Å"scramble† and â€Å"cumber,† and why did he condemn both? What did he mean by the â€Å"inner plantation†? 4.According to William Penn, what is the essence of a good marriage—and what force is most likely to undermine true love? 5. Why did John Woolman write: â€Å"the seeds of great calamity and desolation are sown and growing fast on this continent†? â€Å"Divided Loyalties: Jonathan Boucher and the Pre-Revolutionary Crisis† 1. What were Jonathan Boucher’s main criticisms of America in his early years as a colonist? What did he like about America? 2. In what ways did Boucher contribute to colonial society and education while he was in America? 3. Like the Patriots, Jonathan Boucher opposed the Stamp Act—why? 4. What was Boucher’s position on the questions of bishops and clerical salaries? How did his thinking on these issues influence his relationship to the Revolutionary movement? 5. Why did Jonathan Boucher leave America? How did other people treat him in his final months in the colonies? 6. What was the Lockean view of government? In what ways did Boucher support it? What was the philosophical basis of his opposition to the Revolution? 7. What did Jonathan Boucher mean when he argued that liberty is merely a â€Å"phantom†Ã¢â‚¬â€a â€Å"magical and misleading word†? 8. Were the Patriots justified in driving Jonathan Boucher into exile? Should they have allowed Tories the same liberty they demanded for themselves? â€Å"The American Revolution, 1776: The Continental Army in the Year of Independence† 1.The author claims that American independence did not become a reality on July 4, 1776. In what ways was America still subordinate to Britain after Independence Day? 2. For what reasons did people join and desert the Continental army? 3. What were George Washington’s principal accomplishments and weaknesses as a military leader in 1775–1776? 4. Why was Washington â€Å"wearied to death† in 1776? 5. Describe the contribution of each of these persons to the Revolutionary War: Nathanael Greene, Joseph Hodgkins, Joseph Plumb Martin, Nathan Hale, Lydia Minturn Post, and Thomas Paine. 6. How did each of the following contribute to American independence: the rhetoric of Nathan Hale and Thomas Paine and the victories of the Continental army at Trenton and Princeton? 7. In 1776 Americans took pride in being a small nation that fought bravely against a larger nation. America is now one of the most powerful nations in the world, but can you see evidence in our statesmanship of a tendency to associate ourselves with smaller, â€Å"oppressed†

SUMMARY OF 2 ARTICLES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SUMMARY OF 2 ARTICLES - Essay Example Examples of situations given are the 2008 economic recession and the European debt crisis of 2010. The article begins by describing the financial crisis that had recently engulfed the global economy and the role played by the Bretton woods institutions in restricting financial activities along with the potential for monetary panic. It additionally states that the breakdown of these institutions brought forth great expansions in the scales, scope along with the speculative nature of monetary activities. The global monetary crisis that took place in the year 2008 is described and related to the complex, uncontrolled and interlinked environment of the financial systems found across the globe. It also describes the sovereign debt crisis happening within the European continent as a continuation of this crisis which according to the author has however been utilized by the monetary markets in attempting to reassert their influence. Reforms that are being initiated and implemented within the international monetary system have also been described by the author in the article. The main arg ument presented by the article is that the concepts behind the world wide monetary architecture have been misconceived among the different economies around the globe. The article stipulates that the system required should use national monetary regulation that is coordinated using international organizations. It describes the role of monetary regulation as constraining the power along with the size of the monetary systems to the appropriate levels. Finally, it suggests that member countries should adopt the reforms put forward by organizations like the International Monetary Fund to place the burdens of making adjustments on a country’s population for the purpose of ensuring that all foreign creditors are paid their dues. It is further suggested that after the international creditors have all been paid up, the

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 55

Assignment - Essay Example Likewise, the formation of this team was disclosed to be part of Zuckerberg’s Internet.org initiative, which allegedly aims to bring connections to parts of the world where access to the Web has not yet been reached. Therefore, to enable connections to be made possible, it was disclosed that new technologies would have to be invented, which, accordingly would necessitate working with drones, satellites and lasers (Albergotti, 2014). Concurrently, Albergotti (2014) also revealed that Facebook has made other business ventures and acquisitions to expand its organizational sphere. As noted, Facebook had reportedly agreed to purchase â€Å"Oculus VR, a maker of virtual reality goggles, for $2 billion†¦ (and) announced a $19 billion deal to acquire WhatsApp, a mobile messaging service† (Albergotti, 2014, p. 1). As indicated, these business ventures fare lesser in scope and amount of investments when compared to the launching Connectivity Lab. The manner by which connections to remote places would be accessed was described as â€Å"sending infrared light beams to the earth, using satellites for rural areas and solar powered aircraft for more suburban areas that lack Internet connections† (Albergotti, 2014, p. 1). These future plans evidently indicates that Facebook has made advanced thrusts to capture opportunities in currently remote areas towards the organization’s outlook for unprecedented growth through technological innovations. Albergotti, R. (2014, March 27). Facebook Creates Team to Beam Internet Everywhere on Earth. Retrieved from The Wall Street Journal:

Judicial Activism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Judicial Activism - Assignment Example The reason why I came down on Brennan’s side is that I find his point of view more realistic and progressive compared to Meese’s conservatism of sticking to the interpretation by the Framers of the Constitution, which is difficult, if not impossible, to determine.Borrowing from his words, I just find it unsettling that the â€Å"Constitution was meant to be interpreted only as the founding fathers intended† because it would be impossible to determine what their exact thoughts were given the time elapsed after the Constitution was framed.There may be notes and documents made during the debate in Philadelphia when the drafting of the Constitution was still in process but they will always be incomplete and can only give a hint of the intent of the Framers and cannot provide the total idea of the Framers when the Constitution was drafted.Assuming for the sake of argument that we should base our interpretations on the original intent of the Framers of the Constitution , the best record available during the drafting process of the Constitution that represents the thought of the Framers only represents about 7 percent of the Philadelphia debates.Gleaning from this figure, it is likely that succeeding interpretation would be to interpret it in the manner of judicial activism for the utter lack of documents to base the decision. I may wholeheartedly agree that the Framers of the Constitution had the noblest intention when they drafted the Constitution but they could not possibly anticipate nor box the realities of future according to the wisdom of their time.

Lysistrata Unbound fit as a prequel to Aristophanes' original play Essay

Lysistrata Unbound fit as a prequel to Aristophanes' original play - Essay Example She tries to achieve this by asking the Greek women to deny their husbands of sex until an agreement had been reached to ceasefire (Aristophanes 26). She had an arrangement with the elderly women in Athens to capture Akropolis, which serve as the central point of both the Athenians and the Spartans. The essence of the plan by Lysistrata was just to point out the negative effects of war on the women, as they seem to be more concerned about the welfare of the society. As the play progresses, the chorus of both the old men and women were involved in a confrontation and the women were victorious. In the course of the confrontation, the men made some remarks that seem derogatory and portraying the female race as a gender of no societal value, aside from their domestic functions as wives and mothers at home. This when compared to the ancient Greek society could create some kind of semblance in the way women are being treated as slaves and object of sex (Aristophanes 33). The crux of the wo men’s argument is the fact that they want to be recognized as an important element in the Greek society. They realize the impact of their hard work in the society and would not want the selfish interest of the men, whose quest for self glorification undermine the interest of the society at large. Lysistrata unbound by Machado Machado represents one of the modern adaptations of the original play by Aristophanes. The focus of the play by Machado was centered on a matron that was transformed by the current war situation tearing apart the family structure in the society. The play exonerates the will power of women as opposed to the notion presented in the Aristophanes’ original conception of male dominance. Machado added a feminist angle to the play, which serves as a basis for the differences from the original plot. The answer to question two The use of chorus in the play, Lysistrata unbound helps in the translation of the play to the audience in a clear and explicit mann er. Most Greek plays possess an element of dance and chorus which is more visible by the audience, but the difference with Lysistrata unbound is the way the chorus was employed as a unifying element that joins the dialogue between the women and older men. In the modern adaptation of the play, the chorus was employed as an element that helps interpret the tension and respite in the play. For example, the conversation between the chorus of old women and chorus of old men reflected the tension and respite that accompanied the act in the play. Thus, at some point, it functions as a sort of comic relief, which takes away the shine off the tensed atmosphere caused by the confrontation. While in the original play, the use of chorus signifies the rich Greek culture employed deliberately by Aristophanes to create an avenue where there would be an opportunity for both parties to confront each other. Without the chorus, there possibly could not have been any other avenue for the confrontation to take place. It would be quite irrational for the women to have taken arms against the Greek male whose main occupation is to execute warfare. A careful analysis of the chorus would point out the intention of Aristophanes in employing chorus as a dramatic element. In the course of the chorus, the women saw an avenue in which they could express their desires and anger at the male folks while the chorus of old men

Luis Angel Perez v. The New York and Presbyterian Hospital Essay

Luis Angel Perez v. The New York and Presbyterian Hospital - Essay Example On August 15, 2003, when Dr. Nunez observed the plaintiff speaking to a patient in a room in Spanish and had an argument with him, he wrote a letter to Dr. Nunez implying that he was acting out of good faith. The hospital prefers hiring bilingual English/Spanish-speakers for the Mental Health Workers as the patients in the Psychiatric Unit include approximately 30% monolingual Spanish-speaking and 50% who are bilingual. The defendant was frequently asked to translate to Spanish speaking patients who were not having the ability to communicate in English. Defendants allegations that his nursing supervisors had used ethnic slurs and had engaged in conduct denigrating him because of his origin was unprofessional as well as mocking patients with limited English proficiency. On August 15, 2003, Dr. Nunez observed the defendant speaking to a patient in Spanish in the patient’s room. He had an argument with the plaintiff who wrote a letter to Dr. Nunez implying that he was acting out of good faith. The plaintiff occasionally talked in Spanish to his fellow workers, but it is not in the patients presence. He did this in the presence of the patients, for instance, when talking to the clerk in an office, away from the patients and with the security guard. Perez suffered from his choice of speaking Spanish to the patients and workers who he did not cause harm to as he risked his job. The first amendment guarantees individuals freedom of expressing themselves freely and guarantees citizens the right to assemble peaceably. Perez communication to his fellow Spanish counterparts in the Medical facility was his right, as it never happened in the presence of a patient. A Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 states that an employee cannot be segregated. The employees should not be classified in a manner that deprives any individual of employment opportunities because of an individual’s race, color and or other

Final Exam Study Sheet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Exam Study Sheet - Assignment Example Persuasion is thus an essential aspect of marketing. In marketing, it can be done using the AIDA formula. The formula is acronym that is vital in the advertising and highlights lists of activities that occur when the customer is engaged with an advertisement agency. Letter A means attention which requires that the attention of the customer should be realized. Interest is the next stage; D means desire while the last A means action. Those who receive given information or message directly are said to be the primary audience. On the other hand, secondary audience involves a group that receives a copy of the information directly. They also called hidden audience. Research exists in primary or secondary dimension (Vogel 34). Primary research is new and has the aim of address specific questions. Secondary research utilizes information from the initially researched areas. These are channels by which message is conveyed from the sender to receiver (Vogel 76). They include emails, letters, and memos. E-mails are quick and can be sent over long distances. They, however, demand computer literacy that most people lack (Vogel 77). Letters are efficient for a smaller organization and are relatively cheaper. On the other hand, they require literacy that is relative. Direct messages communicate open information to the audience (Vogel 66). They are used when immediate feedback is needed. Indirect messages covers and concealed information. They are often used to pass information that demands discreteness. This includes the adjusting of tones in sentences so that the directly points at the ‘you’ being referred to (Vogel 178). They are mostly used in illustrative or instructional sentences. For example, ‘you are being advised to see the manager.’ They are also called topical sentences (Vogel 55). They are made up of short and precise sentences. They appear at the beginning of the

Introduction Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction Assignment - Essay Example Having dabbled in fiction writing during my spare time, I find that most of my characters are created to be replicas of people whom I interact with in the real world. Thus serving to become an analytical tool of my relationship with people. Allowing me to vent out my frustration, joy, and sadness as I deal with real life situations in fictionalized manners. Thus giving me room for creative release of my pent up emotions and tension. For me, it is the fact that I can use my personal life to create a fictional story that serves as both my strength and weakness. My strength because I am able to create situations that help me deal with my life, and my weakness because I have to write things down in order to be able to properly deal with my problems. Without writing as a channel for my inner troubles and demons, I feel that I would have not become the capable and adjusted person that I am today. Writing her helped me find my voice. It is that voice that helps me get through my life tribulations because as I write things down, I begin to analyze and find solutions to whatever problem is plaguing me at the

Comparison of the Fantasies and Daydreams of Michael and Walter Mitty Essay Example for Free

Comparison of the Fantasies and Daydreams of Michael and Walter Mitty Essay Michael and Walter Mitty are two men who use fantasies and daydreams to escape from their unhappy lives. They both use them to improve their own experience. Both men are seen as weak, seen as failures by the rest of the world. They both are in denial. Walter Mittys fantasies stem from boredom and are used to boost his self-esteem. I never see a man could hold his brandy like you, sir. In his fantasies, he plays the character of someone superior, a rebel, or a lifesaver, such as a Commander, a doctor, a criminal, or a Captain. The complete opposite of who he is, a nobody. He changes himself completely because he is unhappy with who he is as a person. Walter is not as clever as his characters; Coreopsis has set in. When Walter says this, he thinks he is sounding clever as he is performing an operation but he is not bright because coreopsis is a flower. Michael needs his fantasies to survive desperate situations. He is lonely I am not an attractive companion and has no job. Michael uses his fantasies to deny his situation, to have something he doesnt have in real life. He imagines a family, a successful business, and a large house. These are not unrealistic dreams, they could have happened, but in Michaels case they did not. My Castle is not a splendid place, but it is very comfortable, and it has a warm and cheerful air, and it is quite a picture of Home. Michael cares more about the people there, his family, and his perception of home than material comforts. I have enough and am above all moderate wants and anxieties. Walter is married and feels smothered by his wife who hassles him and feels there is something wrong with him for losing himself in his fantasies. Its one of your days. I wish youd let Dr Renshaw check you over. This may anger and annoy him, which pushes him even further into his fantasies. He never involves her in his daydreams, which suggests that he is not close to her and would rather be alone. Michael almost had a happy marriage but Christiana betrayed him. After her he had no other partner and is lonely, he wants a family. Walter feels inferior to other men. Theyre so damn cockyThey think they know everything. Walter tries to do a man thing by taking the chains off his own car, but fails. When he sees a young, grinning man take them off easily he feels annoyed that he, himself cannot. In his fantasies, he is a strong man, or a smart man. He uses his fantasies to deny his personality. Michaels fantasy starts when he is asked to start a story to entertain his relations but from the depth, length, detail and thought gone into this dream, we know he has thought about this many times before. Walters are triggered by certain pictures or situations. Driving his car triggers a fantasy involving a Navy plane, a hospital triggers him into a doctor, and the Waterbury trial triggers a trial situation where he is a gun-shooting criminal. Pictures of bombing planes and ruined streets trigger a pilot fantasy. Michaels dreams are set in his castle, his home. The scene does not change. I reside, mostly, in a Castle. Walters are set in different locations, on different levels, the ground, and in the air, hurtling eight-engined Navy hydroplane in the courtroom and door of the dugout. This suggests Walter wanted to be as far away, from where he is now as possible. Michaels fantasies are about family, about others. About who he wishes he could be with, his grandchildren, children, wife and his business partner and his family. About closeness with friends and family. It is very pleasant of an evening, when we are all assembled together which frequently happens. Walters revolve around himself. What he does, how he saves people or places and in one dream about what he has done to another person. Michaels could have happened if it wasnt for decisions made by two people, Christiana and his business partner. Walters are pure fantasy, which get facts and words wrong. Michaels and Walters fantasies are an escape from their humdrum lives to a happier place where they would rather be.

The History Of Indra And Purusha Theology Religion Essay

The History Of Indra And Purusha Theology Religion Essay The Indo- Aryan society believed in many gods. The Aryans believed that many natural events were being influenced by their gods. These people also seemed to follow some laws or code of conduct to keep order in their society. They also had a caste system. The early Aryans did not use writing but they composed plenty of poem, hymns, and songs that gave site into their religion and literacy. Everything was transmitted orally from one generation to the next. They communicated through a sacred language known as Sanskrit. The earliest of those transmissions where the four Vedas, which were named the Rig Veda. The Aryans told stories of how their deities helped their people with the problems that came upon the society. Most of the songs in The Rig Veda are dedications to the deities and their greatness. Indra was the most important of the Vedic gods. Indra was the Aryans chief deity. It is said that Indra eats Soma to hallucinate and gains victory over the dragon. This dragon that they talk about is the dragon of drought that is a plague for their people. The Aryans are a farming group of people, and the need for water is a very high necessity. Indra defeats the dragon, and then lets the waters flow free, which tell us that the clouds that were described as the dragon opened up and poured on the land. After the defeat of the dragon Indra was considered the ruling god over all in the Aryan nation. Some people were starting to lose faith in Indra and that he needed to be reinforced as the supreme ruling god. Many events that happened to the Aryan people were said to be because of his intervention in the world. This passage tells us that there was some unrest about if Indra really was doing well for the people. Some people are discontent with their deity and are losing the faith, but people see him he is mighty as a bull and he was the one whom let rivers flow so that the people could flourish. He strikes down his enemies and the enemies of the people such as Rauhina. Aryans relied on the gods to answer the unknowns in nature. The sun, the moon, the rain, the wind, the animals, and even the seasons were determined by Indra. These people were afraid of their god. They offered sacrifices to help appease the god so that he would not punish them with natural disasters. We can tell that the people of the time were either really religious or doubting; this passage on the victory over Vritra was made for those doubting people by the religious people who feared Indras displeasure with the doubters. This knowledge of wrong doing seems to give us some insight into moral codes and public laws. These people feared the god and believed that they could anger those gods, so they must have followed some kind of public code of conduct. Purusha was said to compose everything in the world. He makes everything that we see and use, he is everywhere at every moment. Purusha is held in high regard by these people and is considered the creator of everything and is also considered to be in everything in the natural world. During the Vedic age the Aryans were in battling the enemies or dasas, but not only outsiders but they fought themselves. They didnt have a common government but chiefdoms with each a leader known as a raja or king. The men from one village often raided herds from another. After migrating south the Aryans learned how to make iron tools and weapons. Now having these iron tools this made cultivating easier which in hand make a large growth in agriculture. This allowed the Aryans to settle into a permanent community instead of always migrating from place to place. From my readings I can see that the Aryan people had many gods and beliefs; they had common laws that were followed in practice and also had a caste system of their people. As time passed the memory of Indra receded into almost nothing the Aryans use the battle as inspiration to build a great society. But then they migrated they connected with the Dravidians and from being enemies to becoming one. Their combined legacies led to the development of a distinctive and rich cultural society. Early Aryans practiced a limited amount of agriculture, but they depended a lot on a pastoral economy. They prized their horses and herds of cattle. The Aryans adopted Dravidian agricultural techniques. They used a formal political institution. After settling in India the Aryans changed from relying on herding to relying on political structure and they produced a well-defined social hierarchy. This social distinction was based on ones occupation and role in society. This was known as a caste system. The Aryans used the term Varna to describe the major social classes more on agriculture. The Rig Veda shows us that the early Aryan civilization had a caste system comprised of the Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Sudra. If we consider where each of these groups is on Purusha we can look into how important people believed they really were. The Brahmin held the top position on the caste system, they were priests. Kshatriyas were nobles and aristocrats. Vaishyas were the cultivators, artisans, and merchants. Shudras were the land peasants and serfs. In the end of the Vedic Age a new category was added and those people would become the untouchables, the ones who performed dirty and unpleasant tasks. These four castes were said to b e the four body parts of the Aryan deity Purusha. This was a fixed system to maintain Aryans high power. Under these four main levels there were 3,000 sub castes known as Jati. Each individual had darma or a responsibility and if you do right your get good karma. Ones goal is to reach mulksha which is the release or liberation from the caste system. While building a social hierarchy on the foundations of caste and varna distinctions, the Aryans also created a strongly patriarchal social order based on gender. Within the Aryan society Indian men dominated. Anyone would was important was male. The Law book of Manu dealt with proper moral behavior and social relationships, including sex and gender relationships. This was created to advise men to treat women with respect and honor. This book also specified the duties of the women. One custom one the Indian society was Sati. Sati was the practice of the voluntary action when the widow threw herself on the funeral pyre of her dead husband, these never became popular. The combination of the Dravidian and Aryan society gave light to the Upanishads. The Upanishads were the practices of disciples gathering before a sage for discussion of religious issues (Tradition and Encounters 81). The Upanishads taught that the body and soul are separate, that each person is a small are of a huge soul called Brahman. They also believe that we are not only born once but many times over again. The goal of ones soul is to escape the cycle of birth and rebirth. The Upanishads created multiple doctrines and one of the main ones were of samara. Samara is a place after death where souls go to the World of Fathers and return to earth reborn. By the end of the Vedic age the Aryan and Dravidian traditions became the ground work for the Indian society. Agriculture spread thought out India. The caste system helped maintain public order. The role of human beings and their religious views sparked further reflection on spiritual and intellectual matters.

Technology and Strategy :: essays research papers

Technology Widgets.com will implement a standard IT infrastructure to support individual office locations in New Jersey, California, Texas and Colorado, and new US-based locations we plan to open up over the next 3-5 years such as Massachusetts, New York, Virgina/DC . This IT infrastructure includes both our computing and communications systems. We will look to contract with a single vendor source for each system component where possible that can support all our offices on a nationwide basis. We will also continue to use the web as our network backbone in lieu of other private network protocols, i.e T1. In some cases we will build our own intellectual property to support the IT infrastructure where we believe this creates a competitive differentiator and asset for Widgets.com. An example here is our Oracle database and CRM/PRM applications. Our IT infrastructure objectives are to increase our company asset base, operating efficiency and reduce overall operating costs. The system components and the vendors providing these components must be financially secure, provide reliable 24x7 support and be accessible from any location within the US. The system components of our IT infrastructure are described below. Hardware Platform Standards Vendor Status Category Mobile Desktops Dell Computer Green Productivity Tools Lan ? Yellow Collaboration Tools Printers/Scanners/Copiers HP Green Productivity Tools UPS Backup ? Yellow Productivity Tools Office Phone sets ? Yellow Collaboration/Sales and Marketing Tools Storage Devices ? Yellow Productivity Tools Wirelss PDAs ? Yellow Collaboration/Sales and Marketing Tools Sofware Plaform Standards Vendor Status Category Operating Enviroment Windows 2000/NT/Java/HTML Green Portal Intranets Green Collaboration Tools Word/Spreadsheet/Presentation Microsoft Office Green Productivity Tools Email/Calendar Microsoft Outlook Green Collaboration Tools Accounting NetLedger/Quicken Yellow Adminstration Tools Expense Management NetLedger Expense Yellow Adminstration Tools Project/Deliverable Management ? Red Collaboration Tools Content Manager ? Red Collaborations Tools Business Process Manager (Practice Mgt.) ? Red Collaboration Tools CRM - Client DB Oracle/Cambridge Red Sales and Marketing Tools PRM - Consultant DB Oracle/Cambridge Red Sales and Marketing Tools HRM - Employee/Payroll DB Adminstaff Yellow Adminstration Tools Green Service Providers Vendor(s) Status Category Local Phone Service ?

Child’s Development is Influenced by Environmental and Cultural Influen

Attention to every stage of a child’s physical, emotional and educative development is â€Å"both critical and vital† (Alison Dunn, 2004). Research shows that the care young children receive has dramatic long-term effects on how children develop and learn, how they cope with stress, and how they react to the world around them. â€Å"Science tells us that consistently positive and stimulating experiences in their early years helps children’s brains to grow† (Frank Oberklaid, 2008); it can also affect how they continue to learn later on in life. This paper will discuss how a child’s development is influenced by environmental and cultural influences as well as parenting styles and education. This will be argued through four topics including environmental factors such as the socio economic environment in which a child is reared into, cultural influences, the effect of the four different parenting styles and how education from both the parent and teacher can also play a significant role. Environmental Factors There are many environmental factors that influence a child's early years of development (George G. Graham, 1972, pp. 1184-1188) For example issues such as the type of physical environment that a child is bought up within can impact on the development of that child. These factors, broadly divided into two areas, include their socio-economic status and state of the physical environment they grow up within. The socio-economic status of the immediate family and the wider community can have either a â€Å"positive or detrimental† (Understanding the Early Years, 1999) influence on the individuals development. For example research has shown that children brought up with parents that are poor and have limited educational qualifications wi... ...le, successful and happy children (Dr. F. Elahi, 2010, p. 16). Whereas the authoritarian parenting style can produce children that are obedient and competent but rate lower in the areas of self-esteem, social skills and happiness, and are more likely to be aggressive. The permissive parenting style does not involve following through with consequences for unacceptable behavior, these children will think they can get away with average effort, can be angry and demanding when they don't get their way. Children of uninvolved parents tend to lack self-esteem and the ability to regulate themselves; as a result, they are less capable and resilient than other children. An education is essential to early childhood academic development. Children who receive schooling at an early age are more likely to stay in school, and those children perform better later with academia.

The History Of Rave Music :: essays research papers fc

The history of Rave Music is quite interesting. It has been around for decades. Some enjoy it, some don’t. There is some conflict as to where Rave Music actually started. Some people, non-ravers most likely, ask what is Rave Music? Rave Music is made up of technologically advanced beats that are mixed with other beats to form music. Rave Music has a culture of its own, as so does any other music type. The history of Rave Music is hard to sum up, but here it goes... The controversy in â€Å"Who started Rave Music, U.K. or U.S.?† is going to forever live on. But in all actuality, the U.S. sparked the flame that started it all. It all started back in 1970, in Detroit and Chicago, when Djs, like Frankie Knuckles, would program drum rhythms and play disco records over the top of his beats. He would play this â€Å"music† in the â€Å"club environment†. In 1977, in Chicago, the first club, playing this â€Å"music†, opened and was called The Warehouse. This is where house music received its name (shortened version of the clubs name). The U.K. heard of this and adopted the music. The music blew up over seas. Meanwhile it was still on the low in the U.S.. That is why people say the U.K. started it. House music was being played in gay clubs, in England, for 2 years before any sign of acceptance in the straight scene. While that was going on, the Djs in the U.S. were playing around with their music and somehow came up with the idea of mixing house music and hip-hop together. In 1985, Hip-house was born. This is when house music blew up in the United States. In 1986, Underground was born. Djs started getting creative with their music and in 1987 Deep House and Techno were born. In 1988, came Acid House. This was invented by 2 Djs who were hooking up their equipment and someone accidentally hit the on switch and on came the speakers making an â€Å"acidy† noise. The Djs liked the noise and decided to mix house music in. Thus, making Acid House. The U.K. began feeling left out and started experimenting themselves. In 1989, they came up with New Beat, a mix between Acid, Techno and House. While this was going on the U.S. came up with Hardcore, some really really fast house music. In 1990, LA finally decided to step away from the rap scene and give House/Techno a try. The History Of Rave Music :: essays research papers fc The history of Rave Music is quite interesting. It has been around for decades. Some enjoy it, some don’t. There is some conflict as to where Rave Music actually started. Some people, non-ravers most likely, ask what is Rave Music? Rave Music is made up of technologically advanced beats that are mixed with other beats to form music. Rave Music has a culture of its own, as so does any other music type. The history of Rave Music is hard to sum up, but here it goes... The controversy in â€Å"Who started Rave Music, U.K. or U.S.?† is going to forever live on. But in all actuality, the U.S. sparked the flame that started it all. It all started back in 1970, in Detroit and Chicago, when Djs, like Frankie Knuckles, would program drum rhythms and play disco records over the top of his beats. He would play this â€Å"music† in the â€Å"club environment†. In 1977, in Chicago, the first club, playing this â€Å"music†, opened and was called The Warehouse. This is where house music received its name (shortened version of the clubs name). The U.K. heard of this and adopted the music. The music blew up over seas. Meanwhile it was still on the low in the U.S.. That is why people say the U.K. started it. House music was being played in gay clubs, in England, for 2 years before any sign of acceptance in the straight scene. While that was going on, the Djs in the U.S. were playing around with their music and somehow came up with the idea of mixing house music and hip-hop together. In 1985, Hip-house was born. This is when house music blew up in the United States. In 1986, Underground was born. Djs started getting creative with their music and in 1987 Deep House and Techno were born. In 1988, came Acid House. This was invented by 2 Djs who were hooking up their equipment and someone accidentally hit the on switch and on came the speakers making an â€Å"acidy† noise. The Djs liked the noise and decided to mix house music in. Thus, making Acid House. The U.K. began feeling left out and started experimenting themselves. In 1989, they came up with New Beat, a mix between Acid, Techno and House. While this was going on the U.S. came up with Hardcore, some really really fast house music. In 1990, LA finally decided to step away from the rap scene and give House/Techno a try.

Educational Reform in the Philippines

The Giant planets Lesson 8. 8 Introduction: Gas giants fall into different categories. So-called â€Å"traditional† gas giants include Jupiter. Jupiter is such a classic example of a gas giant that gas giants are often referred to as Jovian planets despite the fact that some gas giants ,ice giants for instance are very different from Jupiter. Traditional gas giants have high levels of hydrogen and helium. Another category of gas giants is ice giants. Ice giants are also composed of small amounts of hydrogen and helium; however, they have high levels of what are called â€Å"ices. These ices include methane, water, and ammonia. I. Objectives: A. Identify the different kinds of giants planet B. Explain the structure of the giants planets II. Learning Content: There are four gas giants in our Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. As noted, Jupiter is a traditional gas giant. Saturn is also a traditional gas giant. However, Uranus and Neptune are ice giants. Their b lue color is due to the large amounts of methane in the planets. All of the gas giants in our Solar System have planetary ring system, and they are all much larger than the terrestrial planets in the Solar System. All of the gas giants in our Solar System also have many moons. Again, Jupiter holds the record with 63   moons discovered so far. Outer Planets For the outer planets, the division is more distinct, with the inner two gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn being quite different in many ways from the outer two gas giants, Uranus and Neptune. In terms of size, Saturn, with a diameter of 120,000km is not a world away from Jupiter, with a 142,000km diameter. However the other two planets, Uranus and Neptune have diameters of ‘only' 51,800km and 50,000km respectively – roughly the size of the core of Saturn or Jupiter. This large size difference is responsible for many other differences between the two groups, for instance Jupiter and Saturn both have sufficiently high internal pressures to ‘squeeze' large quantities of Hydrogen into a metallic state in their cores, whilst Uranus and Neptune can produce only a tiny fraction of this amount. As a consequence, their magnetic fields are much smaller than those of Saturn and Jupiter, whose magnetic fields are generated in large part thanks to electrical currents moving through this material. JUPITER| SATURN| URANUS| Diameter| 142,600 km| Average Distance from Sun| 778,412,010 km| Mass| 1. 90 x 1027 kg| Size compared to Earth| 11x| Gravity compared to Earth| 2. 34x| Surface Temperature| 165 K| Length of day| 9 hours 50 minutes| Length of year| 11. 84 years| Eccentricity of Orbit| 0. 048| Density| 1. 33 gm/cm3| Moons| 63| Atmosphere| Hydrogen – 90% Helium – 10% Traces of Methane & Ammonia| | Diameter| 120,200 km| Average Distance from Sun| 1,427 million km| Mass| 5. 68 x 1026 kg| Size Compared to Earth (Diameter)| 9x| Gravity compared to Earth| 0. 93x| Cloud-Top Temperature| -180 °C| Length of Day| 10 hours 14 mins| Length of Year| 29. 46 Earth years| Eccentricity of Orbit| 0. 056| Moons| 30+| Density| 0. 70gm/cm3| Atmosphere| Hydrogen – 94% Helium – 6% Traces of Methane, Ammonia & Water Vapour| | Diameter| 51,800 km| Average Distance from Sun| 2,871 million km 19. 2AU| Mass| 8. 68 x 1025 kg| Size compared to Earth (Diameter)| 4x| Gravity compared to Earth| 0. 79x| Surface temperature| -210 °C| Length of Day| 17 hours 14 mins(Retrograde)| Length of Year| 84. 01 Earth years| Eccentricity of Orbit| 0. 046| Moons| 21| Density| 1. 30gm/cm3| Atmosphere| Hydrogen – 85% Helium – 13% Methane – 2%| | Diameter| 49,528 km| Average Distance from Sun| 4,501 million km| Mass| 1. 02 x 1026kg| Size compared to Earth| 3. 8x| Gravity compared to Earth| 1. 2x| Cloud-Top Temperature| -220 °C| Length of Day| 16. 11 hours| Length of Year| 164. 8 Earth years| Eccentricity of Orbit| 0. 009| Moons| 8| Density| 1. 76 gm/cm3| Atmosphere| Hydrogen – 85% Helium – 13% Methane – 2%| Test yourself A. Write the word/s describe in each number. ______________1. Planets had 63 moons ______________2. It is a large planet in a solar system _____________ 3. Planets had eight moons ______________4. Roman God of Agriculture ______________5. A Dwarf among Giants planet B. Write true if the statement is correct and if it is false write the correct word above the underlined concept. _______________1. Jovian planet refers to the Roman god Jupiter _______________2. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are often called â€Å"Gas Giants _______________3. Giant planets had a coldness atmosphere _______________4. Uranus has an extreme tilt that causes its seasons to be severely marked. _______________5. Hot Jupiter also called roaster planets. Written report In Astronomy Submitted by: Marilyn G. Habla Rodel Hererra BEED CC3A

Lecture Summary

The lecture is about traffic congestions, which is one of the major problems in the UK’s transport system. The lecture consists of 2 main points which are, firstly, the effects of the congestions and secondly, how the British government have tried to address the problem by creating the Integrated Transport Policy. The first point made by the lecturer is that overcrowded roads have its effects. First of all, they affect directly in the country’s economy, as all the lost time have its repercussion decreasing the productivity.Similarly, the pollution affects the local and global environment. In addition to this, has a detrimental effect on public health. In order to solve this problem, the lecturer states that the British government created the Integrated Transport Policy. They carried out a consultation and find out that the improvement of the transport system was not very successful and people prefer to use their own car. Finally, the lecturer moves to explain some succe ssful measures that the government approved with the purpose of reducing congestions.One of the measures was to enable some fast lines in the motorways for cars with more than one occupant. The other one was to charge car user to get access to the city centre from London. Both of the measures were successful and the money that they get from the congestion charging was invested in improving the public transport system. To summarise, the lecturer affirms that the best solution to the problem of overcrowded roads is to implement some small measures to each specific problem, instead of trying to one big solution which can solve all the problems.

Family Culture Change Essay

The depression era family culture demonstrated a close knit community which spent large amounts of time together (Craig 2006). Many families used to gather around the same radio and listen to entertainment or news and the fire side chats then President Roosevelt gave provided reassurance for a worried public (Craig 2006). The lifestyle of a nuclear family with close contacts has developed to a fast paced world where family members frequently do not communicate regularly leading to alternative groups settings (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). Information on divergent lifestyles is now easily accessible to people which influences behavior (Koesten, Miller & Hummert 2001). The radio was introduced as a communication and entertainment medium during the great depression (Craig 2006). The radio provided instant access to news and weather in addition to the entertainment value it provided (Craig 2006). Entire families would gather around the radio during the evening and spend quality time together (Craig 2006). Businesses used the radio advertisements to lure the public in to considering buying purchases that were not considered prior to the advent of the radio (Craig 2006). Despite the economic hardships created by the great depression households who owned radios increased from 30% in 1930 to 70% in 1940 (Craig 2006). In 1940 the foundation had but formed for the future technology revolution that is present today (Craig 2006). This is where the perception of the current American consumer started that buying a product would solve all of one’s problems (Craig 2006). Today’s United States population now has a variety of electronic devices such as cell phones and computers enabling true access on demand to information and entertainment (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). The multiple methods of communication available to the average American today can foster unhealthy influences on behavior which can result in unhealthy consequences (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). People today spend more time communicating with others outside their immediate family with jobs, activities, and socialization than within the family unit (Koesten, Miller, & Humert 2001). The behavior of children from this generation will be influenced more by society than parentally which will impact the behavior displayed (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). The familial influence has been replaced by peer influence which has decreased the importance of family within today’s culture (Koesten, Miller & Hummer 2001).   This decreased emphasis on familial communication has lead to increased peer pressure which results in a greater likelihood of risk taking behaviors (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). This feeling of isolation has resulted in a dramatic increase in depression resulting from the loss of close family contact (Paxton, Valois, Watkins, Huebner, & Drane 2007). A depressed mood is different from clinical depression and is described as a feeling of sadness, lasting from a couple of hours to days (Paxton, Valois, Watkins, Huebner, & Drane 2007). Clinical depression is defined as sadness lasting at least two weeks that interferes with the activities of daily life (Paxton, Valois, Watkins, Huebner, & Drane 2007). People who are depressed are more likely to engage in behaviors that are hazardous to one’s health (Paxton, Valois, Watkins, Huebner, & Drane 2007). Due to this family isolation and depression unnatural death has become the leading cause of adolescents and has increased dramatically recently (Anonymous 1987). Substance abuse has become more prevalent which has resulted in significant morbidity in the adolescent and young adult population (Anonmyous 1987). These problems did not exist in the epidemic proportions they do today because despite the multiple modalities available to communicate with family society communicates less than in the depression era. References: Anonymous (1987). Health Risk Behaviors. Pediatrics. 80 (1) 144-147. Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from the ebscohost database. Craig, S. (2006). The More they Listen, The More They Buy. Agricultural History. 80 (1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1-16. Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from the ebscohost database. Koesten, J., Miller, K. I., Hummert, M. L. (2001). Family Communication, Self Efficacy, and White Female Adolescent Risk Behavior. Journal of family Communication 2 (1) 7-27. Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from the ebscohost database. Paxton, R. J., Valois, R. F., Watkins, K. W., Huebner, E. S., Drane, J. W. (2007) Association Between Depressed Moods and Clusters of Health Risk Behaviors. American Journal of Health Behavior 31 (3) 272-283. Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from the ebscohost database.

Beowulf Comprehension Questions Essay

Please be sure that you answer in complete sentences using quotes from the text to support your responses. After reading Section 1: 1. What role does Hrothgar play in the epic? -The role that Hrothgar played in the epic was the role of the king. 2. Who/what is causing so much grief in Hrothgar’s kingdom? -Grendel, the monster, was causing a lot of grief in the kingdom. â€Å"How Grendel wasn’t about to stop, or pay damages.† 3. How many years has this battle with Grendel been going on? -The battle with Grendel had been going for twelve years. 4. What attempts have been made to rid the land of this beast? -The council attempted to plan many attacks against Grendel. â€Å"They even went to heathen temples, worshipped idols, and called to the Devil for help.† After reading Section 2: 1. What causes Beowulf to want to help Hrothgar? How does he get there, and how many men accompany him? -Beowulf hears of the terrors of Grendel and wanted to help the king. â€Å"So the good Geat chose the bravest warriors, fourteen of them, and that crafty sailor led them to the land’s brim,to the ship.† 2. Why does Hrothgar’s soldier question Beowulf about his lineage? -Hrothgar’s soldier questions Beowulf’s lineage because he is simply guarding his kingdom. â€Å"I wish to know your lineage now so I know you are not spies going into the land of the Danes.† 3. Why is this important to that time period? -It is important because at this time there were spies who would come to kingdoms. So they do not have any traitors coming into the kingdom. 4. Do you see any examples of alliteration or kennings? -Yes you do see examples of alliteration or kennings. An example is the â€Å"Lord of the Seamen.†.

HUMANITIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HUMANITIES - Essay Example There was no discernable beginning, middle or end. I never knew if the piece was building towards a climax or if the end was seconds away. I think the lack of structure was a real factor in my lack of enthusiasm for this first piece. The second piece, with its repetitive rhythms was more enjoyable to listen to. It felt as though the music was going somewhere. While it did not follow a classical design, it was driven onward they the rhythm. I can see that a clear connection between ancient music and the music I enjoy today is the element of rhythm. I like music that makes me want to move or music that evokes a positive feeling. A driving rhythm is exciting because it evokes feelings of excitement and action. I guess I am a rhythm junkie whether I’m listening to modern or ancient music. The thing that strikes me first as I compare the sculptures of different periods of time is the weight and the heaviness of the figures. The earliest examples are heavily muscled and very bulky appearing (Classical Greek Sculpture, 1998). They have pleasing proportions, but they somehow look rigid and mechanical. There is little or no suggestion of movement. Even when movement is suggested, it appears as though the figure is awkwardly posed. As the ages advance, it is clear that the forms become more lifelike. They are less bulky and less muscular. There is also a feeling of movement about them. They appear to be real people caught in a moment in time. You can almost visualize the next motion they will make were they to somehow be brought to life. All of these figures are idealized versions of the human form. Muscles are emphasized and proportions are exacted to godlike specifications. The fact that some people actually do look like these sculptures (perhaps after a great workout at the gymnasium) just confirms the fact that most of us do not and cannot ever look this way. That

Adaptation of English Academic Purposes Writing Materials for a Group Research Paper

Adaptation of English Academic Purposes Writing Materials for a Group of Chinese Learners - Research Paper Example The major challenge this group of students encounters during their first year of study relates to the high-level expectations in the universities. According to candling and Hyland (2006, 11) the learning processes for these students is the site of struggle in their process of embracing change. Accommodating and fitting into an entirely different system makes the process entirely difficult for the students (Andrade, & Evans, 2009, 29). The expression of academic work in an entirely non- familiar language demands a lot of cognitive and social ability from the students. Problems that may interfere with the student’s ability to adapt to the new language may involve the student’s attitude, social experiences, and cognitive adaption. According to Cheng (2000, 46) the process of learning English, is a process of new identity creation and balancing the new identity with a student’s initial identity. The process of academic writing entails transition towards a given a giv en culture for Chinese students (Andrade, & Evans, 2009, 34). It encompasses an acquaintance to the writing conventions in the universities culture (Xing, Wang, & Spencer, 2008, 71). According to Su and Norton (2008, 57), the most challenging hurdle for Chinese students involved writing strategies and linguistics. ...    Challenges facing Chinese students Academic challenges The main challenge to the academic performance of Chinese students’ significantly involved cultural diversity as a result of Confucian ideology (Cummins, & Davison, 2007). They could not explain precisely the expectations of British academics and culture. Teacher-student relationship The relationship between teacher-student in western universities is significantly different from the Confucian perspective (Cummins, & Davison, 2007). This leads to a great misunderstanding between the teacher and the student. According to the views of most of my Chinese students, the UK lectures are less caring and too busy to develop time for their students. To the lectures point of view, the extensive attention beyond learning hours was a bit too demanding. Chinese students express a lot of difficulty in understanding the conduct of Western teachers: they perceive the teachers’ autonomous learning technique as uncaring and unfri endly (Cummins, & Davison, 2007).  Ã‚  

Process-Centered Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Process-Centered Management - Essay Example This kind of management is one where all activities leading towards the achievement of organizational goals, are process driven with a deep-rooted influence on the channelization of material and information along the way. This has been regarded as an emerging trend where work in progress is concerned owing to the fact that it provides observations of a revolution that's only just begun. The natural leaders are among the first to have taken to and moving already from a procedure-based culture towards a process-based culture; from micro to macro; from a microscopic view to a telescopic view. Procedure-based task analysis has now been very systematically replaced by process-related performance technology where it is now believed that the kinds of work that people do, the jobs they hold, the skills they need, the careers they follow, the roles managers play, the principles of strategy that enterprises follow will shift towards handling processes that they are most suited to. The shift ha s been carried forth from the revolution of ideas, in which the keyword is radical, to the organized reworking of a society in need, in which the keyword is processed. Apart from banking, process centered management has been extremely effective in the IT industry as well. It is in this context that the as an invisible economic asset, there are important opportunities that are inherent in the concept of process-centered management. This has been triggered by the paradigm shift discussed above, where the time spent in inventory cycle is more important than the size of inventory held. We will now regard the company we are studying in order to reach more understanding of core processes as well as the marcoms outcome and other projections. Marcoms may be defined as the tryst between communication and marketing, a proportionate combination of which is required to give sales that vital push.

2.4 Consumer Behaviour & Holidays Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2.4 Consumer Behaviour & Holidays - Case Study Example The regular elements that basically impact the holiday decision-making process are levels of contribution, situational variables, expectation, sentimentality and fantasizing. Then again, this is altogether different from customary decision-making process that is generally sequenced and organized. In this model, the requirement for a particular administration or item is distinguished and data pursuit and different choices are assessed. The consumer is further headed towards acquiring an item and there in the wake of setting a buying decision (Moore & Simmons, 2010). In the conventional consumer decision-making, the technique for hunting down data is generally organized and it is either outer, interior or both of them. Data gathering process in the holiday decision-making is a continuous and nonstop process. The data is gathered throughout and after the holidays experience and it is generally memory based than outer based. Holiday decision creators are low data searchers and data is ac cumulated in a non-reason way. Then again, in conventional consumer decision-making, get-together data is exceptionally vital and the data is seen as the main impetus in the consumer decision-making process. Under this model, the consumers are sharp data searchers and they complete a genuine research before settling down on a specific item (Weiss & Wenger, 2002). The interviews conducted in the case shows the different behaviour of the two persons who were deciding on going for a trip. The first issue talks about a situation where the decision maker is confused about finally going on a holiday or not in spite of the fact that they had already decided on two destinations for their holiday. This clearly shows a confusion in the decision making process. Thus as a holiday service provider it will be very difficult to assess whether or not to consider them as a consumer. The next scenario talked about is a

Summarizing how information security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summarizing how information security - Essay Example Information Security System of Citibank With Respect To CIA Triangle CIA Principle The CIA triad namely Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability can be considered as one of the simple and widely applicable security models for an organization which assures to protect all kinds of information from external threats. These three major principles are supposed to be relevant with the entire security analysis of an organization (Imperial College London, 2012). Confidentiality: Confidentiality can be acknowledged as the ability to maintain secrecy of information from unauthorized external users. It is possibly the major apparent aspect of the CIA triangle in terms of security assurance for an organization. However, this principle is frequently attacked by the external users through Cryptography and Encryption techniques in order to transfer files or information from one system to another (Imperial College London, 2012). In the context of Citibank, it has been found that the organization s eeks to implement a well-built security system in order to protect the information related to financial aspects and other banking transactions of its 200 million customers (Citigroup Inc., 2012). Integrity: According to the CIA principle, the aspect of integrity can be stated as the ability to make sure of keeping or storing data or information in an appropriate and unaffected way. It has been learnt that Citibank manages the personal data, records as well as information of each client in an appropriate manner and with the assistance of Citi Records Management Policy as well as Citi Data Management Policy. Furthermore, the organization implements advanced security processing system of each data, record or information that are collected from individual clients in terms of appropriate and secured storage capacity (Citigroup Inc., 2012). Availability: This principle of the CIA triad relates to the accessibility of transaction records or information by an appropriate and authorized user at the right time. However, various security issues with respect to accessing transactional record and information of a client by other external or unauthorized persons have been recorded. The organization is known to adopt an advanced form of process to identify the appropriate and authorized persons (Citigroup Inc., 2012). Security Policies in Citibank Citibank ensures an effective and efficient form of security policy regarding maintaining and protecting data, information or record of its individual client. In the context of information security, it can be stated that the organization strictly maintains laws and regulations in order to increase the level of protecting information from external threats. Citibank significantly pursues a formal set of rules and regulations pertaining to The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) which is also known as ‘Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999.’ According to this Act, the financial service providers need to possess appropria te information security systems in order to maintain and protect the personal form of information of each client. Moreover, the regulatory Act also focuses on maintaining an effective and appropriate CIA principle with respect to the various transactions made by any financial institution

Contrast Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contrast Effect - Essay Example According to Six Sigma, quality requires entrepreneurs to look at their own business from the customer's perspective and not be based on their own perspectives. By understanding the transaction from the needs and processes of customers, the company is able to explore on what costumers see and feel. Consequently, marketers can identify areas where significant value or improvement be added. Kotler (2000, p. 36) underscored that customer expectations are relevant key determinants of their satisfaction, consumption experiences, and loyalty. It is wise that marketers need to either meet or exceed such expectations; otherwise, it could lead to customer defection or dissatisfaction. Feldman and Lynch (1988) argued that when customers express their expectations before their consumption experience, it would most likely bring them more convenient during the experience. The same points were emphasized by Morwitz and Fitzsimons (2004); Dholakia and Morwitz (2002); Kardes, Allen, and Pontes (1993 ); and Fitzsimons & Williams (2000) respectively. have less or no knowledge that there will be an upcoming service evaluation process versus those forewarned customers about a service encounter, which later be asked to evaluate the said service; tend to supply higher negative post-experience evaluations (Ofir a

International finance structure and IPE of international Debt Essay

International finance structure and IPE of international Debt - Essay Example The diagram also illustrates the law of demand. Fewer dollars will be demanded when the price of a dollar increases according to the law of demand. The chapter also provides appropriate examples, the Microsoft Vista example is very appropriate to understand how the exchange rate works in different countries. Interest rates also play a pivotal role in determining the value of a dollar. Business expectations also play a crucial role in determining the exchange rate, since Mexican Peso has been taken up as an example it is very important to also consider interest rates in Mexico and business expectations in Mexico. Capital gain is another subject that the chapter highlights. The business expectations in the United States are juxtaposed with the business expectations in Mexico. The demand part is initially presented in the chapter and the second part of the chapter comprehensively explains the supply side of the Dollar and how it relates to the Mexican economy. National income in the Uni ted States also plays a key role in the supply of the Dollar. ... same concept can be applied to different currencies and its exchange rate can easily be found out and in addition to this the factors affecting the exchange rate can also be found out. Foreign exchange rates are comprehensively explained in the following parts of chapter 7. Gold standard, Bretton Woods and floating exchange rate are the three most important exchange rate structures that have been used to determine the exchange rate. The Bretton Woods system of exchange was introduced in the year 1944 and the system was established in the Bretton Woods conference in New Hampshire. There is rapid growth and development taking place all across the globe, to make sure that everything goes on well, a system which should stabilize the growth is a must. This paper will throw light upon the advantages of the Bretton Woods system and it will also provide a comprehensive understanding of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system. The system has very old roots, after the devastating World Wa r one all the countries wanted financial security to make sure that economic growth in the country takes place. The great depression in the 1929 was a result of the failure in the introduction of gold standard. Each and every currency intentionally deflated its currency in order to get high margin of profit from the exports which would decrease the deficit from the country’s economy. The same had an adverse affect on all the countries, it triggered off international deflation, and this majorly impacted many countries, mass unemployment increased, big enterprises were going bankrupt, global economy witnessed hyper inflation. There were talks held among the representatives of various countries to form a system which would bring stability with regard to the financial and economic well being

The Color Purple Essay Example for Free

The Color Purple Essay The novel the color purple by Alice Walker is well known for is revolutionary theme of black lesbianism. Until this novel and other leading writers touched on the subject of black lesbianism, it was viewed as dirty and unspeakable. The protagonist, Celie, brings respect and positive attributes to the idea of black lesbianism. Walker’s depicture of Celie not only relates constructive events towards lesbianism, but also journeys through the rejection of male dominance and how it brings Celie freedom. Most of Celie’s freedom comes in the form of monetary relief and independence. However freedom also comes from Celie’s change of world view; from a repressive patriarchal society and God to a gentle and softer version of religion. Walker emphasizes the oppression black women face in relationships with black men (brothers, fathers, husbands, lovers) and the bond the women must form with each other in order to free themselves. Right from the beginning of the novel, Walker introduces a hard to digest picture of rape, incest, and sexual cruelty. He never had a kine word to say to me†¦ Then he push his thing inside my pussy. When that hurt, I cry. He start to choke me† (Walker 1). This telling of rape by her father is also seen through the eyes of the reader as lacking emotion or at least the emotions such as anger and anguish that come with an event such as rape. Celie’s life begins to form into a picture of a slave’s, with her missing feelings and reactions to the horrible fates that befall her. After this rape, Celie becomes pregnant and is forced to separate with her child straight after. According to Ana Marie Fraile-Marcos who wrote a critical essay on Walker’s â€Å"womanist† representation of lesbianism, Celie’s sexual abuse becomes endemic after her two successive pregnancies and deliveries. Celie seems to accept sexual exploitation and oppression as shaping factors in her life and not only does Celie become a sexual object, her story also echoes the life of a slave. An auction scene is called to mind when Celie is told to walk in front of Albert, while he decides whether or not to take her as his new wife. Along with the physical oppression, Celie also has to endure psychological oppression due to her sexual exploitation. During Celie’s pregnancies, she had to put up with the confusing torment of her mother at the same time as her father blames her for her mother’s slow passing. Finally Celie’s mother passes cursing her, although Celie is at a loss to what she did wrong. Next to her mother’s negative affliction, Celie also curses herself and believes that she is on the road to hell for committing incest imposed on her by her father. In her mind, Celie is living in â€Å"sin without redemption† (Fraile-Marcos). The men were forces of her oppression, which made Celie turn towards women for her liberation. During her childhood, Celie was close with her sister and found a love that she would sincerely protect. â€Å"She scared. But I say I’ll take care of you. † Although Celie’s love for Nettie is a bond that lasts through the whole novel, the most important figure to influence Celie’s change in submissiveness is Shug Avery. Through uncovering the letters Nettie wrote to Celie, forcing Albert to beat Celie less, and just being the woman who did whatever she wanted, Shug was the leading character who taught Celie the beauty of sexuality. After quizzing Celie in Shug’s first stay, Shug deemed Celie a virgin due to her never having sex with someone that she loves. From that point, Shug begins to teach her about the female body, which Celie enjoys because sexuality turns from a negative and repressive force, to one that becomes exciting. Shug’s most important contribution to Celie’s self-realization is love, both sexually and spiritually† (Fraile-Marcos). Through this self-realization, Celie comes to the conclusion that she has a sister who loves her and will always write to her, and has Shug who has the intention of loving her and helping her get on her feet. All of the forces involved in Celie’s positive evolution come from the female gender, which leads Celie to her chang e in religion. Shug’s spiritual contribution to Celie’s self realization is the modification of the picture of God in Celie’s mind. At the start of the novel, Celie’s version of God was one who was a white authority figure, who only gave orders and punished the people who stepped out of line. â€Å"Okay, I say. He big and old and tall and graybearded and white. He wear white robes and go barefooted† (Walker 194). Celie’s version of God did not have time for her and saw her sufferings as something to just move on from. However, Shug soon initiates a spiritual awakening that begins with her description of God, who doesn’t have specific characteristics and instead is more a spiritual presence. God ain’t a he or a she, but an It†¦ Don’t look like nothing, she say. It ain’t a picture show. It ain’t something you can look at apart from anything else, including yourself† (Walker 195). Shug showed that God was found within everyone and everything, instead of a figure impossible to relate to. Celie’s journey dragged her from a hellish, detached exis tence to a life she could feeling pulsing through her body. After her self-revelation and freedom from oppression, Celie supported herself thorough making pants. This created an independent woman out of Celie, and taught her to rely on herself more than the people around her such as her oppressors or even Shug. Believing God was a white, despotic figure lead Celie to her rejection of the world, rejection to male dominance, and her acceptance of an unfair society. However, femininity brought Celie back to the world and showed her the kind, caring, and gentle side of life. Walker took the reader through a journey of finding Celies personal voice and also helped the reader accept and appreciate the rejection of male dominance.

Education + Parents involvement Essay Example for Free

Education + Parents involvement Essay Childhood carries a similar attitude for all the children [boys and girls] unto the age 3 years in respect of play, fun and learning. A careful study of Montessori education reveals that the child develops learning, reading and a domestic-kind of assignment as a workshop, tells a lot about the child within three years. This is irrespective of the gender. Reading skills are picked up by children only in this age. Influence on Early childhood education World Literacy of Canada (WLC) approach to early childhood education programming in recent years has been the Early Years of Study This study of Reversing the Real Brain Drain (published in 1999) by Hon. Margaret Norrie McCain and Dr.J.Fraser Mustard. The findings are: Need for early childhood development programs based on the new understanding of brain development in the early years of and its effect on subsequent learning, behavior and health for individuals. First three years of a child, sets the stage for competence and coping skills for the later stages of life. Need for more integrated framework for early child development and parenting support. Recommendations for parental guidance: Parents must be provided with awareness, support and skills for the early development of their children. Build relation with children. Undertake programs to parents and educators to learn new ways to nurture children and develop responsive relationships between adults and children. Participation of parents in children’s programs. ï‚ § Interactive and supportive learning system with children along with parents. ï‚ § Active role with children in play and reading at home. ï‚ § Create a safe and friendly environment for children. ï‚ § Create programs where children of all backgrounds and abilities will feel loved and valued – this will stimulate brain development, learning and self-confidence. ï‚ § Play-based learning, and problem solving for young children under the guidance of educators and parents. Resources of early childhood development ï  ¶ Toy and resource libraries ï  ¶ Nutrition programs ï  ¶ Cultural events for children .e.g mobile toy book lending libraries ï  ¶ Theme-based learning ï  ¶ Play-kits. Special efforts and care for parents who are isolated to participate and benefit from the program. Create an awareness that children are part of social structure and emphasis on early childhood development. Parents involvement and its influence on achievement of Reading by students. The approach of the parent towards children is of similar kind with regard to education. Parents who stay-at-home moms can dedicate more time for motivating children in their reading habits especially to boys, by studying their interests and by discussing the topics which will detail about their approach to reading habits. Compelling boys to read for a certain hours of a day, forcibly, would not derive maximum results, as some parents believe. Instead motivation and allowing the boys to think and re-think about themselves, is certainly an achievement for the parents in the long run for developing reading habits. Today’s tech-savvy days also stand as a hindrance to the attainment of reading habits to children. The reason being, an easy access to television, computer, internet, video games, cartoon movies has enabled the children to move away from books, which is not at all a good ground for school education. Parental guidance with teacher’s support is the only solution for imbibing reading habits to children. For instance, the recent ‘Harry Potter’ novels have created a large amount of selling of books around the world. Harry Potter, movies as well as books have been sold by publishers. This includes readers of all ages, including adolescents. †¢ Sorcerer’s Stone †¢ Chamber of Secrets †¢ Prisoner of Ascaban †¢ Goblet of fire This is a relevant example, that children do read books, based on fiction, magic and fun. When it comes to the reading of curriculum, children may not feel as interesting as the fiction is. There is still scope for creating energy and interest among the students, and it mostly rests on the shoulders of parents and teachers. The precious hours of study of students are in the environment of school. The core area for their their learning activity and personality development. Students depict 60 percent effect of their school, while the parental guidance is only 40 percent. Most of the part what they are is shaped only in school. It is a well-known fact that parents and teachers work together to bring the best out of the students. How can parents tell if teachers are doing a good job?   Ed World’s â€Å"Principal Files† team members offer their perspective. Included: Look at the work students bring home and â€Å"the hard sell†. Parents communication with teachers is the key ingredient to the parents to know how their children are studying in the school. Term Grade papers, newsletters give a correct picture of students performance. According to Principal Nina Newlin â€Å"A teacher who has a good relationship with students is likely to be a regular parent informant†. nformation can be through email, telephone but there is a genuine concern about events in classroom to inform to the parents.. Mostly students evaluate a good’ teacher. Parents are also are guided by students in getting answers for their questions.   Students are always honest in answering to the questions of parents about the events in the classroom. Conversation at dinner table, a look at home work or a independent activity given, suggest to the parents, the performance of their children. A prompt check over the assignments is very important duty on the part of parents for the overall efficiency of the student. It also discloses a fact to the student that he/she is being monitored closely and there’s no opportunity to haywire. Many schools follow the procedure of being fair in classroom rules and procedures, tough in standards of performance, and fun in learning and classroom lessonsâ€Å"follow them home† wherever it is required.   Visiting school premises and watching students in the classroom also gives a true picture and to the satisfaction of the parents.   Volunteering also helps parent-teacher community to train the students for maximum achievements in their academic pursuit. Ultimately, if the student is happy and active in and out of learning area, it is learnt by the parent that the student is learning and happy in school area. What are effective steps for boys literacy with the involvement of parents Many child psychologists agree that adaptation of psychological methods to motivate children in inculcating reading habits, would certainly bring about a change in the development of boys. A thorough, methodical and continuous assistance of the parents is required, without imposing any punishments but rewards for one-to-one achievements that a child is prompted to do. In other words, ‘if you read this particular book and tell me’ ‘a reward would be a candy or a snack of your choice’. To this many child psychologists agree. Children are more smarter than parents. Therefore, parents must never let the children know that they are indirectly pursuing the children towards the concept of ‘sit with books for hours and read’, instead an idea of ‘helping hand’ or an atmosphere of an activity should be created. Parents can also prepare a long-term plan for improving the reading habits, by maintaining a statistical record of hours of reading spent by the child. This will also give a clear picture to the parent, whether the goal is being attained. A good amount patience, having a great understanding about the child, likes and dislikes, dos and don’ts, individual perception of the child towards the environment, study of personality will truly help the parent to remove the lacunae in the child. Particularly in the case of boys, in their adolescence they are action oriented. In other words, play indoor games, outdoor games, video games, watch movies, ride bikes, are some of the areas of interest for a large number of boys. A good and plain discussion with boys, about their activities outdoor, at school or college, a bit of guidance, without involving any argumentative statements, will direct the boys to ‘the thinking area’ of their own attainments and to reach set goals. A good friend for a boy should be made available ‘at home itself’ and that is none other than the ‘parent’. Many experts on education made the research study on boys reading habits. They formed an opinion that, boys mostly feel reading is an activity done by girls. Thus, boys are trailing behind the girls. A recent study in Canada, published in ‘Reading Manitoba’ found that 76% of the boys interviewed did not see reading as a feminine activity, and 73% enjoyed reading. Experts opine that offering the choice of material according to the boys interest, would be a good solution in achieving reading habits to the boys. Conclusion Education for children all over the world carries a great importance. Nations which are developed have more advanced sources for imparting education viz., Australia, Newzealand, U.S., Britain.   An analysis of education states that, many parents opt education overseas instead of domestic education. The reason being, parents believe, that the overseas curriculum is extensive, focusing the student to many aspects of education. Although this is partly true, the domestic education shapes the students [K-12] and effective methods of imparting education and touching the interests areas of students must be developed. For instance., domestic projects, like ‘how to do laundry’ ‘how to be a good host’ ‘attend a super market’, these will outline the interests of a students and reveal so much of personality from the students. Based on the results, parents and teachers can study their interests, and accordingly encourage them reading habits in those areas, thereby students also begin to learn to be active.   Modern day system of education, is such as mushroom of notes and homework, internals, exams, to some extent children also feel agitated over the system of education and lose the interest in studies. Adding to this, if parents emphasise more on reading, they catch the boredom and flee to find fund moments elsewhere, which is a common factor among students.   Finally to conclude, a change in system of education, close monitoring by parents and teachers will only lead the children back to the good old days of reading comics, enid blytons, phantom or sherlock holmes. www.worldlit.ca http://www.liamodonnell.com/. Article by Gary Hopkins,Education World ® Copyright  © 2004 Education World

Radial Ball Bearing Material

Radial Ball Bearing Material You are tasked with selecting a material that is suitable for the balls in a radial ball bearing such as the one shown in Fig. 1. Radial ball bearings although intended primarily for radial loads, will also carry a certain amount of thrust.    Ball Figure 1 Ball bearing The following details are known in relation to radial ball bearing design: Youngs modulus should have a minimum of 200 GPa. The compressive strength should have a value à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ 300 MPa. The balls must not fail under load. It can be assumed that the contact stress can be modelled for a sphere on a flat (see Fig. 1). An assumption should be made that the material for the ball and the raceway are the same and therefore they have the same moduli and Poissons ratio has a value of 1/3. The balls should be light. Material selection process. This refers to selecting a material that meets all the constraints and objective below. Design requirements: Table 1 Table of design requirements Function   Suitable for balls in a radial ball bearing Constraints Youngs modulus must be greater than 200 Gpa. Compressive strength should not have a value of less than 300Mpa. (Assumption)Moduli and Poissons ratio being the same (ratio of ). Objectives The balls must not fail under load, contact should be modelled for a sphere on a flat. The balls should be light. Free variables Cross sectional area Material choice Mass of ball Below is a figure of all materials with a mechanical property (Youngs modulus greater than 200Gpa and Compressive strength greater than 300Mps) against density: Seen below is a table of the materials and their corresponding Youngs modulus. Table 2 Table of materials Name Youngs modulus (GPa) Tungsten carbides 625 700 Boron carbide 440 472 Silicon carbide 400 460 Alumina 343 390 Tungsten alloys 310 380 Aluminium nitride 302 348 Silicon nitride 290 318 Zirconia 200 250 Nickel-based super alloys 150 245 Nickel-chromium alloys 200 220 Nickel 190 220 Low alloy steel 205 217 Medium carbon steel 200 216 Low carbon steel 200 215 High carbon steel 200 215 Stainless steel 210 Although seen above, 16 values have passed the requirements so far, further analysis will be conducted, and this can be seen below; The below table illustrates the materials that meet the design requirements, the table is ranked based on Youngs modulus, from highest modulus to lowest. The Compressive strength of the material must also be considered, a minimum compressive strength of 300MPa must apply. The table below illustrates each materials Youngs modulus and corresponding compressive strength. Table 3 Materials with Youngs modulus and compressive strengths that meet design requirements (density also noted) Name Youngs modulus (GPa) Compressive strength (MPa) Tungsten carbides 625 700 3.35e3 6.83e3 Boron carbide 440 472 2.58e3 5.69e3 Silicon carbide 400 460 690 5.5e3 Alumina 343 390 690 5.5e3 Tungsten alloys 310 380 555 800 Aluminium nitride 302 348 1.97e3 2.5e3 Silicon nitride 290 318 524 5.5e3 Zirconia 200 250 3.6e3 5.2e3 Nickel-based super alloys 150 245 300 1.9e3 Nickel-chromium alloys 200 220 365 460 Nickel 190 220 70 1e3 Low alloy steel 205 217 400 1.5e3 Medium carbon steel 200 216 305 1.76e3 Low carbon steel 200 215 250 395 High carbon steel 200 215 335 1.16e3 Stainless steel 189 210 170 1e3 Below is a bubble chart of Youngs modulus versus compressive strength: Figure 2 Bubble chart of Youngs modulus of Compressive strength The above figure is on a logarithmic scale. Only materials that have passed the requirements were plotted. When surfaces are placed in contact they touch at one or a few discrete points. If the surfaces are loaded, the contacts flatten elastically and the contact areas grow until failure of some sort occurs. (Duffy, 2010) Compressive stress causes this. As the requirements state; should be modelled as a sphere on a flat, this allows the student to use following formulae (contact stresses); Figure 3 Sphere on a flat (Duffy, 2010) (Yield Stress)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The following is subbed in to produce the below: x x x x = = The mass of the sphere must be derived, this is done below; Where is density and is volume Volume of a sphere is denoted as: m= The student knows the objective is to minimise the mass of the ball, the derivation above is done on that basis and results in the equation being flipped above. From the material selection index above, the equation can be related in the logarithmic scale: = This results in: This now means the slope can be known to be = 0.222 The above value is known as an index line; Index lines can be used to compare the performance of different materials, and to find replacement materials. Materials that are on the line will all perform equally well in each design. Materials above the line have a higher performance index and will therefore perform better; those below the line have a lower index value. (Edupack, 2006) The below bubble chart illustrates the material selection process using the slope; Figure 4 Material selection with material index As seen from above, with a material index of 0.222 the following two materials passed (whole record is within the selection was used); Name Index slope =0.2222 Silicon nitride 6.55e101 Zirconia 1.66e100 As seen from above the materials are both ceramic. An additional chart plotting the materials costs can also be seen below; Figure 5 Price of selected material Figure 6 Price of selected material Pass only A table of the materials cost can also be seen below; Table 4 Table of costs Name Price(EUR/kg) Zirconia 17.1-24.7 Silicon nitride 32.3-49.4 (i) It has been identified that both Youngs modulus and compressive strength are important material properties when selectin ball bearings, below is a detailed summary of why each property is important; Youngs modulus refers to a materials elastic modulus. This determines the stiffness of a solid material. This is a proportional (constant) between stress as long as stress is less than the yield point. This results in a smaller strain with the same stress in a stiffer material. In relation to a ball bearing Youngs modulus of Silicon nitride is about 1.5 times that of steel, meaning a smaller contact surface is present when there is a high contact pressure. Hertz theory means the maximum load for combination steel- Silicon nitride reduced with 30%. In relation to the contact of the bearing we know it will be a sphere on a flat. The balls within a bearing are going to experience both an axial and radial force. If the force is too great for the material this may result in deformation (changing of shape). This affects the ball bearings ability to perform, this can be compared to as a wheel on a car, if it is flat may result in a pulling motion. If severe deformation occurred this may result in the bearing not allowing for rotation. This means that Youngs modulus is important when selecting materials for ball bearings. Youngs modulus mathematical representation; It is noted from CES EduPack that silicon nitride is used mostly for ball bearings the Youngs modulus is known to be; 290-318 GPa (Edupack, 2006) Compressive strength refers to a materials resistance to compressive stress. This is when a force is applied in an inwards direction in the material. It is opposite to tensile stress. As a ball bearing is going to have one point of contact, (below) compressive strength is an important element in choosing the material. This is due to the radial forces applied when the ball is in the raceway. Once again, if the radial force is greater than the materials compressive strength abilities this will result in deformation. This will affect the bearings performance. Compressive strength can be up to 10 times greater than tensile stress. Ceramic material has a good compressive strength due to crack propagation, since there are more internal cracks in ceramics (than most materials) if placed under tension cracks will propagate and produce failure where if it is placed under compression it works in the opposite manner. Compressive strength mathematical representation; It is noted from CES EduPack that silicon nitride is used mostly for ball bearings the compressive strength is known to be; 524-5.5e3 MPa   (Edupack, 2006) (ii) The other material properties of Silicon Nitride which lead to superior operating performance can be seen below; General properties Density3.1e3-3.4e3kg/m^3 Price*32.3-49.4EUR/kg Date first used1958 Mechanical properties Youngs modulus290-318GPa Shear modulus*100-128GPa Bulk modulus*210-232GPa Poissons ratio0.26-0.28 Yield strength (elastic limit)*600-720MPa Tensile strength600-720MPa Compressive strength524-5.5e3MPa Elongation0% strain Hardness Vickers1.4e3-1.6e3HV Fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles*300-500MPa Fracture toughness4-6. 7MPa.m^0.5 Mechanical loss coefficient (tan delta)*2e-5-5e-5 Thermal properties Melting point2.39e3-2.5e3 °C Maximum service temperature1e3-1.2e3 °C Minimum service temperature-272271 °C Thermal conductor or insulator?Good conductor Thermal conductivity22-30W/m. °C Specific heat capacity670-800J/kg. °C Thermal expansion coefficient3.2-3.6 µstrain/ °C Electrical properties Electrical conductor or insulator?Good insulator Electrical resistivity1e20-1e21 µohm.cm Dielectric constant (relative permittivity)7.9-8.1 Dissipation factor (dielectric loss tangent)*5e-4-7e-4 Dielectric strength (dielectric breakdown)*11-131000000 V/m Optical properties TransparencyTranslucent Refractive index1.95-2 Processability Moldability2-3 Weldability1-2 Eco properties Embodied energy, primary production116-128MJ/kg CO2 footprint, primary production4.63-5.12kg/kg RecycleRecycle (Edupack, 2006) The above characteristics result ceramic materials being the optimum material for ball bearings; High speed, faster acceleration this is because ceramics are only 40% as dense as steel. However, the material can deliver 30-50% higher running speeds with reduced skidding and less lubrication needed. Lighter in weight ceramic ball bearings are more rigid to that of steel ball bearings and lighter in weight.   This allows for lower coefficients and a higher overall RPM (rotation per minute) Greater accuracy since ceramics has 50% higher modulus of elasticity than steel. This means less of a deformation which leads to vibration and spindle deflection, this increases components productivity and quality. Reduced friction: benefits of this include: longer life, energy efficiency reduced noise levels, less heat and less lubrication needed. Non-conductive materials like Silicon nitride eliminate the pitting and fluting of raceways which ic common in electrical motor applications. If steel is used in bearings the electricity could cause magnetic field (EMF) and this could act as a conducted damaging the bearings over time. Ceramic materials are immune to EMF, which mean they perform well even when electricity is present. Corrosion resistance Silicon nitride; more effective than steel balls in the presence of liquids such as water or corrosive materials. Corrosion resistance can be enhanced when ceramic balls are used with dry fil, lubricant on the ring and retainer components. Longer operating life Up to 5 to 10 times longer than standard metal bearings. Higher temperature operation ceramic ball bearings can operate in high temperatures (up to 1,800  °F) Less noise and vibration due to a lower coefficient of friction (Ibsco, 2011) The two materials chose were Silicon Nitride and Zirconia. A brief description can be seen below outlining why the individual ceramic is the optimum choice; Silicon Nitride: This material contains high temperature capabilities, meaning it has a low thermal expansion coefficient which gives good thermal shock resistance compared to other ceramic materials. The material is up to 58% lighter than steel silicon (Carter, 2009). As the material is lighter it means a smaller force is needed to roll the element. The main advantage to this is that silicon nitride can carry similar loads to that of silicon steel with less force needed. Zirconia: Zirconia was made for high performance duties such as (atmospheric journeys). This means the material has the highest temperature ability. However, this material has a high thermal expansion (almost like steel) but weighs less so it does not have the same weight saving and thermal shock resistance found in other ceramic materials. (Carter, 2009) Zirconia is used when low loads are applied or when high temperature capabilities are needed (corrosive too). (iii) Porosity refers to a measure of void (empty spaces in a material) and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume between 0% and 100% (Quora, 2003) Technical ceramics do not have open porosity. To achieve porosity manufacturing process must be done (use of additives). This then allows closed and open pores to be created, ranging from nm to  µm. Porosity can have various effects on the mechanical properties of ceramics (as chosen). The following properties are effected: Compressive strength Density Fatigue Youngs modulus Fracture toughness Shear modulus Tensile strength Any residual porosity will influence elastic properties and strength. For some materials, the magnitude of the modulus of elasticity E decreases with volume fraction per; It is known that porosity affects flexural strength as it reduces cross-sectional area. It also results in pores acting as stress concentrates. (Duffy, 2010) (iv) Below is a completed table for ceramic materials having 20vol% porosity. This is done by using the following; The below calculation for silicon nitride is done for clarity; ) = 199.424 GPa Where is the modulus of elasticity and is the porosity volume. Table 5 Ceramic materials with 20vol% Material Modulus of Elasticity GPa Porosity at 20vol% E(20%) Porosity GPa Silicon nitirde 304 0.2 199.424 Zirconia 205 0.2 134.48 Silicon carbide 345 0.2 226.32 Aluminum oxide 393 0.2 257.808 Glass-ceramic 120 0.2 78.72 Mullite 145 0.2 95.12 Spinel 260 0.2 170.56 Magnesium oxide 225 0.2 147.6 Fused silica 73 0.2 47.888 Soda-lime glass 69 0.2 45.264 As seen from the above, silicon nitride is the ceramic material resulting in a modulus of elasticity when having a porosity volume of 20%. References Carter, 2009. Carter. [Online] Available at: http://www.carterbearings.co.uk/unasis/hybrid-and-ceramic-bearings/ceramic-matericals-and-their-properties-part-2/[Accessed Saturday Feburary 2017]. Duffy, J., 2010. Moodle. [Online] Available at: http://moodle.itb.ie/pluginfile.php/115304/mod_resource/content/0/CES%20EduPack%20-%20USEFUL%20SOLUTIONS%20to%20COMMON%20PROBLEMS%202008%20-%2001Jan13.pdf[Accessed Wednesday Feburary 2017]. Edupack, C., 2006. s.l.: s.n. Ibsco, 2011. Ibsco. [Online] Available at: http://www.ibsco.com/ceramic-ball-bearings.php[Accessed Saturday Feburary 2017]. Quora, 2003. Quora. [Online] Available at: 2017[Accessed Wednesday Feburary 2017].